法国留学生声调偏误的实验研究
卢小群 翁明鹏
中央民族大学文学与新闻传播学院 北京
法语属于印欧语系罗曼语族，属于非声调语言，而汉语则属于声调语言，且汉语每个音节都有固定的声调，不但有高低之分，而且有升降曲折之别。因此，汉语声调的突出特点，给没有声调特征的、以法语为母语的法国人学习汉语语音带来了不少麻烦。为了提高对法汉语声调教学的效率，项目组利用实验语音学的手段和方法，采用南开大学自主研发的语音分析软件——Mini-Speech-Lab（桌上语音实验室）对法国留学生的汉语单字声调进行了实验研究。
论文根据法国留学生汉语声调习得的偏误分成调型偏误和调域偏误两种。调型偏误主要表现在音高曲线上，如法国留学生们普遍将阳平发成上声。调域偏误主要表现为音高曲线基本正确，但其整个音域过高或过低，如将高平调[55]读为中平调[33]，将全降调[51]发成[53]等。全文分别对汉语的四声：阴平、阳平、上声、去声开展了实验分析，最后得出了在法国留学生汉语单字声调中，“阴平掌握得最好”、“调型偏误最为严重的是阳平”、“调域偏误最为严重的是去声”、“阳平和上声混淆成为声调习得的难点”等结论。
The Experimental Study on the Tonal Errors of the French Oversea Students
Lu xiaoqun Weng mingpeng
School of Literature, Journalism and Communication of Minzu University of China, Beijing
French belongs to the Roman language of the Indo-European language system which is a non-tonal language. On the contrary, Chinese is a tonal language, and every single syllable of Chinese has its fixed tone, which differs not only in the pitch but also in the ups and downs of the tone. Therefore, this unique characteristic of Chinese causes dramatic trouble to the foreign learners whose mother tongue is French. In order to improve the efficiency of Chinese teaching, our program team adopt the method of the experimental phonetics. Using the Mini-Speech-Lab which was originally invented by Nankai University, we did an experimental research on the French learners’ tone of single Chinese character.
According to our research, we divided the errors of the French oversea students into two types: the pitch of the tone and the range of tone. The errors of the pitch could be seen on the pitch curves, for example, many French oversea students pronounce the second tone as the third tone. As for the errors of the range, we’ve discovered that the pitch curve is acceptable but the range of the curve is not in the right zone, either too high or too low. For example, they pronounce the high level tone [55] as a middle level tone [33], or they pronounce a total falling tone [51] as [53]. The whole thesis did an experimental research on the four kinds of tones of Chinese and obtained conclusions of the errors of the French learners’ tone of single Chinese characters. The conclusions are as follows: the French oversea students master well in pronouncing the first tone; the errors of the pitch happen mostly in pronouncing the second tone; the errors of the range happen mostly in pronouncing the fourth tone; the second and third tone have been difficulties of Chinese acquisition.